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Kategoriarkiv: Forskning og artikler
Recognising, understanding & rehabilitating breathing pattern disorder (BPD) influences on low back and pelvic pain
Et foredrag fra Leon Chaitow med mange gode poenger relatert til behandling og pustemønstre og muskler.
Effects of dietary carbohydrate on delayed onset muscle soreness and reactive oxygen species after contraction induced muscle damage
Konkluderer med at karbohydrater ikke har noe bidrag til å redusere støhet etter trening. Nevner ROS og forskjellige andre forklaringsmodeller for stølhet. Nevner også flere målemetoder, bl.a. MDA og glutathione (oksidativt stress), Plasma CK activity (muskelskader).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1725093/pdf/v039p00948.pdf
«Muscle damage was assessed from plasma CK activity, with no discernible differences between the two dietary conditions. This would suggest that alteration of glycogen status before exercise has no effect on muscle damage after exercise.»
«There was also no significant difference in ratings of DOMS between the two dietary conditions, suggesting that CHO status before exercise has no affect on muscle soreness.»
«Two days on a high CHO diet significantly increased resting RER and lactate concentra- tions and decreased NEFA concentrations before exercise, suggesting that the diets were successful in altering pre- exercise CHO status.»
«In conclusion, 30 minutes of downhill running at 60% V ̇O2MAX results in a delayed increase in ROS production and muscle damage. However, despite the vital role of glucose as a metabolic fuel, the two day alteration in CHO status before the exercise had no effect on DOMS, muscle function, or ROS production.»
What nervous systems do: early evolution , input–output, and the skin brain thesis
Viktig studie om en ny forståelse av nervesystemet som tar oss fra et rent informasjonsformidlende system (input/output) til en først og fremst rommlig organisator av muskelceller som i utgangspunktet styrer seg selv. Se også «the real resons for brains» TED foredrag…lignende tema som denne studien.
http://adb.sagepub.com/content/21/2/67.abstract
«The SBT therefore constitutes a fundamental conceptual shift in understanding both nervous system operation and what nervous systems are. Nervous systems are foremost spatial organizers that turn large multi-cellular animal bodies into dynamic self-moving units»
«The view that nervous systems transmit information from sensors, process it in some way and use the result to regulate effectors not only is generally accepted in the literature on the evolution of nervous systems, but also provides the consensus text- book interpretation of what nervous systems do for basically all of the neurosciences and the cognitive sciences. »
«In contrast to the input–output view, we develop an alternative proposal that stresses the fundamental coor- dination problems faced by multicellular animals that first developed movement by muscle contraction. This form of motility required the patterned activation of extended muscle sheets dispersed over the body. We hold that the fundamental problem here was not so much to act intelligently—a problem that had already been solved in various ways without a nervous system (Section 3.3)—but to act as a single multicellular unit. »
«The idea that centralized nervous systems are remodeled skin brains becomes a coherent theoreti- cal and empirical option. »
«More recently, immune system elements, such as cytokines, have been shown to play critical roles in modulating neural plasticity under normal as well as challenged conditions (McAfoose and Baune, 2009; Yirmiya and Goshen, 2011), and these associations are also very old (Maier and Watkins, 1998). The neuron doctrine cannot explain these associations either. »
«Nerve nets initially did not make for smarter behavior, but for muscular behavior. »
«Neuroscience: The SBT has close links to theories of motor control that focus on neural circuits for movement (e.g., Orlovsky, Deliagina, & Grillner, 1999; Stein, Grillner, Selverston, & Stuart, 1997),to neuroethologi- cal studies of animal behavior (e.g., Greenspan, 2007; Marder, 1998), to dynamic approaches within neu- roscience (e.g., Buzsa ́ki, 2006), and to modeling approaches within neuroscience (e.g., Chiel & Beer, 1997; Ijspeert, Crespi, & Cabelguen, 2005) and embodied cognition (Pfeifer & Bongard, 2007). »
«Sherrington once observed that ‘‘posture follows movement like a shadow’’ (Stuart, 2005). «
Breathing Movements and Breathing Patterns among Healthy Men and Women 20–69 Years of Age
Viktig studie som viser normalt pustemønster i forskjellige aldre. 108 deltakere i denne og viser at det er lite forskjeller mellom kvinner og menn, og lite forskjeller mellom forskjellige aldersgrupper i normal avslappet pust. Men menn har større bevegelse i brystkassen og i magen ved dyp pust.
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/87456
«The main findings from this study include that respi- ratory movements are symmetrical, do not decrease sig- nificantly with increasing age up till 69 years, and are not significantly different for males and females, except for abdominal motion during deep breathing. »
«During deep breathing the abdominal movements were significantly less amongst the women than the men (p ! 0.05). The average respira- tory rate was 14 during quiet and 7.4 during deep breathing for both sexes. The rhythm (inspiration/expiration ratio) was 1:1.21 for men and 1:1.14 for women during quiet breathing and 1:1.23 for men and 1:1.40 for women during deep breathing.»
«The range of quiet breathing movements of men and women was not significantly different, but during deep breathing the women had significantly less abdominal movements than the men. »
«found an approximately 50–60% decrease in chest expansion with increasing age (age 15–75+) . The present study showed 10% decrease of the lower thoracic and 0.1% of the upper thoracic movements with increasing age. »
«The frequency of breathing movements was on the av- erage a little over 14/min during quiet breathing. These findings are similar to previous reports [1, 2, 24, 25]. «
Breathing pattern disorders, motor control, and low back pain
Viktig artikkel fra Leon Chaitow om pustens rolle i ryggsmerter. Beskriver hva som skjer med nervesystemet, med bindevevet og muskelkontroll i ryggraden. Og nevner hvordan progesteron og blodsukker påvirker pusten.
«Nixon and Andrews16 have summarised the emerging symptoms resulting from hypocapnoea in a deconditioned individual, as follows: “Muscular aching at low levels of effort; restlessness and heightened sympathetic activity; increased neuronal sensitivity; and, constriction of smooth- muscle tubes (e.g. the vascular, respiratory and gastric- intestinal) can accompany the basic symptom of inability to make and sustain normal levels of effort.” »
«Lum7 notes, “Alkalosis alone cannot fully explain the symptoms [of chronic hyperventilation]. Altitude adaptation allows residents of high altitudes to remain well, despite chronic respiratory alkalosis. In symptomatic hyperventilation however, the PCO2 fluctuates, often wildly, causing constantly changing pH in nerve cells and tissue fluid to which no adaptation is possible…significant amounts of CO2 can be lost in a few minutes of overbreathing, immediately causing respiratory alkalosis. Compensation, by excretion of bicarbonate, is relatively slow and may take hours or days.” »
«Seyal et al36 note that hyperventilation increases the excitability of both cutaneous and motor axons, and that in experimental animals, HVS increases excitability of hippocampal neurons. Their research, involving healthy humans, demonstrates that hyperventilation increases the excitability of the human corticospinal system. »
«Lum 38 reports,: “During moderate hyperventilation, loss of CO2 ions from neurons stimulates neuronal activity, causing increased sensory and motor discharges, muscular tension and spasm, speeding of spinal reflexes, heightened perception (photophobia, hyperacusis) and other sensory disturbances. More profound hypocapnoea, however, increasingly depresses activity. This parallels the clinical state: initial alertness with increased activity, progressing through decreased alertness, to stupor and coma.” »
«An altered pH in the local chemical environment of peripheral nociceptors, such as occurs with respiratory alkalosis, helps to induce mechanical sensitisation and ischaemic pain.47,48 »
«Hodges further hypothesises: “Although investigation of spinal mechanics is required to confirm the extent to which spinal control is compromised by increases in respiratory demand, it is hypothesised that such a compromise may lead to increased potential for injury to spinal structures and reduced postural control. During strenuous exercise, when the physical stresses to the spine are greater, the physiological vulnerability of the spine to injury is likely to be increased.”
«Progesterone is a respiratory stimulant, making patients with BPD most vulnerable during the post-ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle.10 »
«Blood sugar levels are, “clinically the most important of these non-ventilatory factors. When blood glucose is below the middle of the normal range (i.e. below 4.4 mmol/L) the effects of overbreathing are progressively enhanced at lower levels.” 81 «
Breathing pattern disorders and physiotherapy: inspiration for our profession
Nevner hva pustetrening kan gjøre for fysioterapeuters behandlingseffekt og hvorfor det er viktig å jobbe med pusten. Viktig studie som også nevner og bekrefter Chaitows arbeid.
«Currently in western medicine, a fundamental push is to encourage healthy life style skills. Education in one of the most fundamental tools, and yet breathing has not been emphasized enough as part of this healthy lifestyle package. »
«The potential for improving the patient’s state, by optimizing their breathing pattern in all their activities, is an important development in physiotherapy. It is a developing area of knowledge which is pertinent to physiotherapy practice as it develops in a biopsychosocial model. »
«Hyperventilation results in altered (CO2) levels, and this is most commonly seen as lowered end tidal CO2 (PET CO2), or fluctuating CO2 levels, and a slower return to normal CO2 levels.34 »
«Research by Hodges et al.56–58 examines the relationship between trunk stability and low back pain. It supports the vital role the diaphragm plays with respect to truck stability and locomotor control. The diaphragm has the ability to perform the dual role of respiration and postural stability. When all systems are challenged, however, breathing will remain as the final driving force.59
In other words ‘Breathing always wins’.60 »
«Breathing re-education is drug free, appealing to the new paradigm of health for all, and a practice that requires little or no machinery so a low running cost, and initial set-up is minimal for the therapist. »
Breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal motion in healthy individuals: influence of age and sex
Om pustemønstre i forskjellige aldre og mellom forskjellig kjønn. Viser hva som er normalt i befolkningen (i Brasil) blandt de som ikke har noen sykdommer. 104 mennesker var med så dette regnes som en ganske stor studie. Man regner «normal» tidal volume til å være 500ml pr pust, men studien viser at den er nede på 350ml for de fleste.
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbfis/v14n5/en_a10v14n5.pdf
«he data found in this study suggest that the breathing pattern is influenced by sex whereas the thoracoabdominal motion is influenced by age.»
«In addition, the women presented higher respiratory frequency, thus suggesting that they tended to breathe more rapidly than the men »
kvinner menn 20-39 år
325±127 441±114 * Vt (ml) tidal volume
15±2 13±4 f(breaths/min) respiratory frequency
4.69±1.34 5.61±1.13 * VE (l/min) minute ventilation
46±15 39±10 %RC rib cage motion
7±3 8±3 PhRIB (%) inspiratory phase relation
15±7 15±6 PhREB (%) expiratory phase relation
11±5 10±6 PhaseAng (°) phase angle
phase angle (PhaseAng), which reflected the delay between rib cage and abdomen excursions
inspiratory phase relation (PhRIB) and expiratory phase relation (PhREB), which reflected the percentage of time during one breath in which the rib cage and abdomen moved in opposite directions, respectively
Acute increases in night-time plasma melatonin levels following a period of meditation
Viser hvordan melatonin øker om kvelden etter en meditasjonsøkt. Melatonin er viktig for mange ting i kroppen. Det er best kjent som et søvnhormon, men det er også kroppens «master restitution hormone».
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10876066
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051100000351
» It is concluded that meditation, at least in the two forms studied here, can affect plasma melatonin levels. It remains to be determined whether this is achieved through decreased hepatic metabolism of the hormone or via a direct effect on pineal physiology.»
Positive MRI in asymptomatic people
Artikkel som går igjennom svært mye forskning fra mange år tilbake og beskriver hvordan MRI, røntgen og lignende diagnosekriterier ikke har noen som helst sammenheng med smerteproblemer. Dette bidrar heller til fryktmaksimering og deigjennom mer smerte.
http://www.chirogeek.com/000_MRI-Abnormalities_Asymptomatic-Pats.htm
Verkstedet Bodywork & Breathing System 