Studie som nevner at diagnostisering i ryggplager er nytteløst siden avhenger så mye av terapeutens individualitet.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8129759?dopt=Abstract
«There is little consensus, either within or among specialties, on the use of diagnostic tests for patients with back pain. Thus, the diagnostic evaluation depends heavily on the individual physician and his or her specialty, and not just the patient’s symptoms and findings. «
Studie som beskriver forskjellen mellom betennelses og mekansik smerte. Dog det er liten forskjell med tanke på kronisk smerte, nevner denne studien mange interessante poenger.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18555728
Hele som pdf: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/5300497_Mechanical_or_inflammatory_low_back_pain._What_are_the_potential_signs_and_symptoms/file/d912f50e6f8ae9e751.pdf
«NSLBP is commonly described as being ‘‘mechanical’’ (Batt and Todd, 2000; Chaudhary et al., 2004; Valat, 2005) or ‘‘inflammatory’’ (Saal, 1995; Ross, 2006). Although these labels have no universally accepted defini- tions, there is evidence to support the involvement of both mechanical and inflammatory factors in the generation of LBP (Biyani and Andersson, 2004; Hurri and Karppinen, 2004; Igarashi et al., 2004; Abbott et al., 2006; Al-Eisa et al., 2006; Ross, 2006).»
«The relationship between inflammation and pain, however, is not clear. Although a recent study found that the mean intensity of pain over 24 h was indepen- dently associated with high levels of high sensitivity C reactive protein in patients with acute sciatica (less than 8 weeks), this association was not found in patients with chronic LBP (Stu ̈ rmer et al., 2005).»
«Similarly, the relationship between pain that wakes a patient up and inflammation is not clear.»
«Although the levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 may alter sleep behaviour (Mullington et al., 2001), there did not appear to be an association between improvements in pain and joint stiffness»
«Although pain on lifting is commonly thought to rep- resent mechanical pain, the relationship between spinal load and pain is not clear.»
Interessant studie som beskriver sammenhengen mellom hjerterytme (HR), blodsukker og HRV både hos diabetikere og normale. Nevner også at sympaticus dominans kan gi insulinresisten.
http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/50/75/PDF/Valensi_DME_article.pdf
«HR, but not HRV, was associated with glycaemic status and capillary glucose. After deep- breathing, HR recovery was altered in known diabetic patients, and was associated with reduced HRV»
«Elevated heart rate (HR) predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in both diabetic [1,2] and non- diabetic individuals [3,4]. HR is the result of fitness, neurohormonal factors and the autonomic nervous system function. In type 2 diabetic patients, HR is faster [5] and this may be related to cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Fasting plasma glucose is associated with higher resting HR [6] and in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, HR was associated with insulin sensitivity and with the acute insulin response to glucose [7].»
«In type 2 diabetes, CAN is associated with age, obesity, systolic blood pressure, glycaemic control, and duration of diabetes [14] and in non-diabetic individuals, with age, overweight, pre-diabetes, HR, diminished HRV, treatment for hypertension, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance [3,15].»
«Interestingly, a longitudinal study has shown that autonomic nervous system dysfunction (high HR, low HRV), may be associated with incident diabetes [1].»
«Known diabetic participants had a more severe cardio-vascular risk profile: 75% had the metabolic syndrome in comparison to only 15% in normoglycemic individuals.»
«HR was related with glycaemic status (Figure 1), particularly during recovery after deep-breathing, and during subsequent rest (P < 0.04,0.03), and known diabetic patients had the highest HR.»
«HR was higher in those with the metabolic syndrome for all test periods (Table 2), but was attenuated after adjustment on BMI with a significantly different HR remaining only during deep-breathing.»
«HRV was more closely related with glycaemic status at deep-breathing and particularly at recovery, than at other periods; patients with known diabetes had the lowest HRV (Fig. 3 A-F). At recovery, the detected diabetic and IFG individuals had similar HRV, and all six HRV indices were significantly lower than in those with normal glucose.»
«significant HR difference between the four glycaemic groups; treated diabetic patients had the highest HR, those with screened diabetes or IFG had slightly elevated HR in all test periods; HR was correlated with capillary glucose and triglycerides during all test periods;»
«HR which continued to increase between deep-breathing and recovery in diabetic patients in contrast to other groups;»
«Higher sympathetic tone can cause insulin resistance [20]. Conversely insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia can cause sympathetic overactivity and depress vagal activity in healthy subjects [21] and in insulin-resistant non-diabetic offspring of type 2 diabetes patients [22].»
«The present data suggest that glucose is a determinant of HR.»
«The heart-rate profile during exercise and recovery (high resting HR, low HR increase during exercise, low HR decrease after exercise) predicts sudden death [23].»
«In our study, in the known diabetic patients, HR increased less between rest and deep-breathing and continued to increase during the recovery time after deep- breathing while in all other groups, HR decreased, the differences remaining significant after BMI adjustment.»
«These results suggest that this relatively simple test has good sensitivity, and could be a new marker, worthy of evaluation.»
«Lower HRV has been reported in fasting hyperglycemia [3], glucose intolerance [14]; the metabolic syndrome has been implicated in reduced HRV in non-diabetic individuals, independently of glucose [3]. Some data suggest that HRV impairment is associated with more severe insulin resistance in non-diabetic obese individuals [24].»
«The value of this simple forced deep-breathing test warrants further evaluation in diabetic as well as in pre-diabetic patients.»
Dette er metoden, om hjerterytmen fortsetter å stige etter dyp pust så er det mulig diabetes problematikk:
HR and HRV have been measured during static conditions (at rest) and dynamic conditions (deep- breathing and lying-to-standing:
En russisk artikkel fra en forsker som har interessante teorier om tummo og varmegenereringen. Spesielt det som skjer i lungenes blod hvor fettsyrer forbrennes og dermed skaper varme. Forfatteren nevner at kolestrolnivået synker etter bare 10 minutter med tummo. Interessante teorier som er verdt å undersøke videre, men fullstendig umulig å bruke denne artikkelen som vitenskapelig grunnlag.
«Technique of inner fire awakening is described in Yoga Kundalini Upanishad as follows: “When Apana on its way up reaches the place of fire then fire awaken by the wind inflates and grows. Then Prana itself ignites with the came fire and then fire overwhelms all body with continuous burning”»
«In the 50-ies of the 20th century K.S. Trincher, the physiologist, proved it and published his monograph Heat-Generating Function and Alkalinity of Pulmonary Tissue Response [13] in which he stated that under some conditions human lungs could perform not only respiratory but also non-respiratory functions. In particular, non-fermentative blood lipids peroxidation could take place in lungs. Energy releasing reaction of aerobic lipids peroxidation results in significant alteration of thermodynamic characteristics of the body.»
«First experiment was taken in March, 2004. During experiment venous blood sampling was taken after which Tummo was practiced during 10 minutes. Then repeated venous blood sampling was taken. Blood was analyzed for blood lipids. The analyses revealed cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglycerides quantity reduction. It was found that the author’s total cholesterol was 6.54 mmole/l before practice and 6.14 mmole/l after practice (N 3.6 – 5.2).»
«»
Nevner hvordan hypnose og visualisering kan øke blodgjennomstrømning i spesifikke deler av kroppen.
http://bscw.rediris.es/pub/bscw.cgi/d4434404/McGuirk-Effect_guided_imagery_forearm_blood_flow.pdf
«This study was conducted to determine in a non- ulcerated population, the potential of guided imagery in a hypnotic context to influence blood flow, which is a critical variable in the process of ulcer healing.»
«It is known, however, that psychologi- cal factors are important in healing. Stress, for example, can affect the healing of experimental wounds (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1995) and there is contradictory evidence as to whether it affects healing of duodenal ulcers (Holtmann et al., 1992; Armstrong et al., 1993).»
«More specifically in the case of leg ulcers the pathological process is associated with disturbed blood flow and consequent tissue breakdown due to inade- quate oxygenation. Any psychological intervention that assisted in altering and cor- recting the blood flow in the affected limbs would be expected to facilitate healing.»
«Similarly Moore and Wiesner (1996) used suggestions of hand- warming in hypnosis, augmented by biofeedback, to create local vasodilation (as measured by objective increases in hand temperature) with a concomitant reduction in pain in patients with upper extremity repetitive strain injury. In earlier work from the same research group Moore and Kaplan (1983) reported acceleration of burn wound healing and pain reduction by hypnotically induced vasodilation in the targeted hand compared with the control hand.»
«The authors concluded that while the blood flow change is under central neurological control, and hence can be directly affected by hypnotic suggestion, ery- thema reflects local changes related to the release of inflammatory mediators.»
Subjective temperature (arbitrary units)
Target ‘hot’ arm 90·8 (18·6)
Target ‘cold’ arm 89·4 (21·7)
Before After
103·5 (18·6) 38·1 (21·8)
Change (%)
+12·7 (13·9) –51·3 (57·4)
*Means (and standard deviations)
«The subjective temperature change, however, was greater for ‘cold’ imagery. This may be because the subjects perceived their arms as already warmer than usual prior to the imagery suggestions, thereby creating a ceiling effect. An alternative explanation is that the cold script was the more powerful of the two or possibly that reducing perceived temperature in a limb is an inherently easier task. «
Viktig studie om tummo som oppklarerer flere misforståelser og beskriver mange aspekter som tidligere ikke er beskrevet. Nevner bl.a. at vestlige også kan øke sin kroppstemperatur med disse teknikkene.
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0058244
«Reliable increases in axillary temperature from normal to slight or moderate fever zone (up to 38.3°C) were observed among meditators only during the Forceful Breath type of g-tummo meditation accompanied by increases in alpha, beta, and gamma power.»
«Overall, the results suggest that specific aspects of the g-tummo technique might help non-meditators learn how to regulate their body temperature, which has implications for improving health and regulating cognitive performance.»
«The authors reported that three g-tummo meditators showed a dramatic increase of up to 8.3°C in peripheral body temperature (fingers and toes), more modest skin temperature increases of 1.9°C in the navel and lumbar regions, and no increase in rectal temperature. Unfortunately, these findings have subsequently been distorted in reports in other sources, possibly due to confusion between Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales or lack of clear specification regarding the anatomical sites of temperature measurement, leading to general claims of temperature increases during g-tummo ranging from “… up to 15 degrees only within a few moments of concentration” [3] to “17 degrees in peripheral body temperature” [8].»
«The visual effect of steaming sheets reported by eye-witnesses of the g-tummo ceremony cannot be taken as evidence of elevated body temperature. Wet sheets wrapped around a practitioner’s body would steam and dry due to the significant temperature difference between the wet sheets (heated by a human body) and the cold air outside, even if the practitioners simply maintain their normal body temperature.»
«Furthermore, they did not exceed the peripheral body temperature increases reported in clinical studies of (non-meditating) individuals who were able to increase hand or finger temperature by up to 11.7°C during biofeedback alone or in combination with hypnosis, mental imagery, or autogenic training[9]–[11]. Subsequent clinical research, however, reported that such peripheral temperature increases were primarily mediated by somatic (e.g., altered respiration and/or tensing and contracting of muscles) but not cognitive factors [12].»
«The g-tummo practice involves both somatic and neurocognitive components. The somatic component involves specialized breathing techniques as well as isometric exercises (i.e. exercises performed in static positions, rather than incorporating a range of motion) involving muscle tensing and contraction. The neurocognitive component involves meditative visualization requiring the generation and maintenance of mental images of flames at specific locations in the body accompanied by intense sensations of bodily heat in the spine.»
«Recent studies report that raising body temperature might be an effective way to boost immunity and treat infectious diseases and immunodeficiencies [13]–[15] as well as to induce synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus [16]. It has been long recognized that increased body temperature (in the zone of a slight fever) is associated with higher alertness, faster reaction time, and better cognitive performance on tasks such as visual attention and working memory [17]–[19]. »
«Some, but not all, of these monasteries test their practitioners’ capabilities at the end of a three-year retreat with a ceremony where the practitioners dry wet sheets. As a testament to the importance of the g-tummo practice at Gebchak nunnery, this ceremony is held annually, at dawn, and all of the experienced practitioners walk slowly for a few hours around the nunnery complex in −25°C to −30°C weather, wearing only short skirts and shoes and a wet sheet draped around their naked torsos.»
«The g-tummo practice is characterized by a special breathing technique, “the vase”, accompanied by isometric muscle contractions, where after inhalation, during a period of holding their breath (apnea), the practitioners contract both abdominal and pelvic muscles so that the protruding lower belly takes the shape of a vase or pot [1].»
Tilsvarerer akselereringsfasen i vårt tummo konsept.
«FB is forceful and vigorous, while GB is gentle and without any strain. Whereas the goal of FB is to raise “psychic heat”, the goal of GB is to maintain it. During FB, attention is focused on visualizing a rising flame that starts below the navel and with each breath rises up to the crown of the head, whereas GB is accompanied by visualization of the entire body being filled with a surging sensation of bliss and heat.»
Man kan enkelt måle kjernetemperatur selg med termometer i armhulen eller munnen.
«We recorded EEG activity of the meditators as well as their peripheral (left fifth finger) and core body temperature (left armpit) during g-tummo practices»
«Although not as precise as an internally taken rectal or oral measurement of core body temperature [20], axillary measurements are less intrusive. Importantly, they are not affected by muscle contractions (e.g., anal sphincter), or the airflow through the mouth, during the vase breathing.»
«The results indicated peripheral (finger) temperature increases between 1.2°C to 6.8°C during different conditions»
«During BFB, the maximum CBT increase was 1.14°C (participant #3) and the maximum temperature reached was 37.45°C (participant #4).»
«The maximum CBT increase from the beginning of the experiment to the end of MFB was 2.2°C (participant #3), and the maximum temperature reached was 38.30°C (participant #5).»
«Figure 3. CBT increases for Study 1 participants #1, #3, and #4 during BFB, BGB, MFB, and MGB performed in a continuous sequence.
Since the duration of each of the four practices varied from participant to participant, to simplify the figure presentation, the duration of each practice is rescaled from 0 to 1, with t0 the starting point of each practice, and t1 the ending point.»
«During FB (either BFB or MFB), participants’ CBTs typically exhibited a step-like pattern, with a period of steady temperature increase followed by a plateau or equilibrium phase corresponding to the “temperature saturation point”, above which the participants were not able to raise their CBT further despite their efforts to continue with FB. This pattern of CBT increases is very similar to that usually observed during induction of systemic hyperthermia (i.e., deliberate heating of a patient’s body to achieve an elevated core temperature for therapeutic purposes), where the equilibrium phase indicates the beginning of heat losses due to physiological mechanisms (e.g. vasodilation, evaporation) limiting the rate of heating that can be achieved, and thus protecting the body from excessively high temperatures [22].»
«we defined the rise time (ΔTr) as the time taken for the CBT to rise from 10% to 90% of its final value »
«In summary, the results suggest that although CBT increases during BFB were not as dramatic as during MFB, participants were able to produce body heat, utilizing only the somatic component of the FB practice (breathing and isometric techniques). However, the meditators were able to reach an elevated CBT, significantly above the normal axillary temperature, only during MFB practice. As for GB practice, consistent with practitioners’ reports that it is used to maintain (but not to increase) body heat, no significant changes in participants’ CBT were observed during either GB baseline or meditation.»
«Furthermore, the higher the increases in alpha power developed by participants during FB meditation, the larger their increases in CBT during FB meditation, while the CBT increases during BFB were achieved without any changes in alpha power. This suggests that different mechanisms may be affecting CBT increases during MFB versus BFB, and that meditative visualization characterized by significant increases in alpha power might uniquely contribute to overall CBT increases beyond the contribution of the vase breathing technique.»
«In summary, our findings indicate that the two parameters, apnea duration and increases in alpha power achieved during meditative visualization are significant predictors of the overall CBT increases during FB practice. The apnea duration is significantly related to the rate of CBT increase. The increase in alpha power developed during FB meditation is related to the CBT rise time, that is, it predicts how long the meditators are capable of sustaining their CBT increases without reaching equilibrium.»
«The average initial CBT of all the participants before BFB was 36.38°C (SD = 0.23), while the average temperature at the end of BFB reached 36.99°C (SD = 0.13), only marginally above the normal axillary temperature of 36.6°C in the healthy population [one sample two-tailed t(10) = 2.02, p = 0.07]. The maximum CBT reached during BFB was 37.02°C. «
«The average apnea duration of the participants was 30.38 sec (SD = 6.35), ranging from 19 to 41 sec; the apnea duration correlated with the rate of CBT increase during BFB: r = 0.60, p = 0.050.»
«all the Western non-meditator participants returned to their baseline CBT during the next 20 minutes. This is in contrast to Tibetan practitioners performing GB (Study 1) who did not show any decreases in their CBTs during either BGB or MGB (δ = 0.011°C/min and δ = 0.002°C/min respectively), and were able to maintain an elevated body temperature throughout the whole duration of MGB (on average 21.50 min). This further confirms that the GB practice facilitates maintenance of body temperature.»
«Figure 7. CBT increases during FB as performed by a Western non-meditator and a Western g-tummo practitioner.»
«In summary, the results of Study 2 indicate that the BFB technique brings about significant increases in CBTs not only in meditators but also in those individuals who do not have any prior experience in meditation. »
«As for the increased gamma activity observed during FB meditation, studies on meditation consider it a signature of “samadhi” (deep meditative states of consciousness), but the regions of increase have varied, with recent studies reporting in some cases a frontally distributed increase in gamma [28], and in other cases an increase in gamma at posterior and occipital electrodes [29]. »
«In the case of FB meditation, one of the possible mechanisms preventing heat loss could be the mental imagery of flames and heat. Indeed, previous research has regarded mental imagery as a potentially effective technique in influencing peripheral body temperature, blood flow, and local vasodilation [38]–[41]. »
«If future studies show that it is possible to self regulate CBT, by mastering vase breathing in conjunction with guided mental imagery without extensive meditation experience, it will open a wide range of possible medical and behavior interventions, such as adapting to and functioning in hostile (cold) environments, improving resistance to infections, boosting cognitive performance by speeding response time, and reducing performance problems associated with decreased body temperature as reported in human factor studies of shift work and continuous night operations[44], [45].»
Viktig studie som oppsummerer det meste rundt de kinestetiske sansene, og nevner spesielt at hudens nerveender har mer å si for ledd utslag enn selve ledd-cellene. Den nevner også hvordan hjernens egengenererte opplevelse av bevegelsen spiller inn.
http://m.jp.physoc.org/content/587/17/4139.long
«Peripheral receptors which contribute to kinaesthesia are muscle spindles and skin stretch receptors. Joint receptors do not appear to play a major role at most joints. The evidence supports the existence of two separate senses, the sense of limb position and the sense of limb movement.»
«The term ‘kinaesthesia’ was coined by Bastian (1888) and refers to the ability to sense the position and movement of our limbs and trunk. It is a mysterious sense since, by comparison with our other senses such as vision and hearing, we are largely unaware of it in our daily activities.»
«The cutaneous receptor most likely to subserve a kinaesthetic role is the skin stretch receptor, the slowly adapting Type II receptor served by Ruffini endings (Chambers et al. 1972; Edin, 1992).»
«More recent observations have shown that skin input can also have an occluding action. Signals from local, rapidly adapting receptors evoked by low-amplitude, high frequency vibration can impede movement detection (Weerakkody et al. 2007).»
«While joint receptors were first thought to be all-important in kinaesthesia, the present-day view is that their contribution at most joints is likely to be minor. Typically they respond to joint movement, but often with response peaks at both limits of the range of joint motion (Burgess & Clark, 1969). They are now thought of as limit detectors. »
«It was believed that signals of motor command could calibrate sensory input coming from the periphery but did not generate sensations in their own right. For a review see Gandevia (1987). In these new experiments (Gandevia et al. 2006) conduction in both afferent and motor fibres to the hand was blocked with a pressure cuff applied to the upper arm. When subjects tried to move their paralysed, anaesthetised hand they perceived a distinct displacement of the hand by up to 20 deg (Fig. 3). »
«Thus most kinaesthetic afferents must reside in muscle or skin since joint replacement surgery does not lead to any deficit in kinaesthesia (Grigg et al. 1973).»
«It has been reported by Shergill et al. (2003) that self-generated forces were perceived as weaker than externally generated forces, suggesting that central mechanisms allow us to distinguish between our own actions and those imposed on us from outside. It reminds us that to be able to move about freely in the environment and to carry out actions with the necessary levels of accuracy requires us to know what parts belong to our own body, the sense of ownership, and where those parts are located. We have a body map, or schema, of our body parts (e.g. Maravita et al. 2003).»
God artikkel fra Dagensmedisin.no om ny forskning på D-vitamin, nevner bla hvordan det stopper autoimmune sykdommer og bl.a. slitasjegikt, bakterieflora, leddgikt, diabetes, ulcerøs colitt, chrons sykdom, eksem, systemisk lupus erytometous, influensa type A, autisme, MS, 15 forskjellige kreftformer, og MS.
http://www.dagensmedisin.no/debatt/nye-funn-om-d-vitamin-og-helse-/
«D-vitaminet har helsevirkninger langt ut over den klassiske rollen å regulere kalsium- og fosfor-metabolismen og dermed beskytte mot rakitt, osteoporose og myopati. Det skal ikke mye D-vitamin til for å sikre dette. 20-30 nanomolar 25OHD (kalsidiol – den sikrest målte indikatoren på D-vitaminstatus) i blodet er tilstrekkelig.
Langt større blodkonsentrasjoner trengs det for å oppnå optimale helsegevinster på andre områder.»
«Alle mutasjonene fører til mer eller mindre lys hud, som i solfattige strøk gir tre fortrinn framfor mørk hud: Den tillater 3-4 ganger mer effektiv syntese av D-vitaminer fra 7-dehydrokolesterol i overhuden fordi mindre UVB absorberes og, merkelig nok (våre funn), tilbakesprer mindre UVB. En afrikaner er «lysere» enn en europeer i UV-området. »
«Vårt D-vitaminnivå varierer derfor gjennom året, grovt regnet mellom 55 og 75 nanomolar, målt som kalsidiol. Ved ekvator er det konstant, men hvor høyt?
Nytt av året er at utearbeidende masaier og hadzaber i Tanzania har rundt 115 nanomolar i blodet, faktisk litt mindre enn badevakter i Florida har. Dette gir antakelig en pekepinn om optimale D-vitamin-nivåer.»
«Våre solarieundersøkelser viser at cirka ti minutter solariebestråling, tilsvarende cirka 15 minutter middagssol midtsommers to ganger i uken til hele kroppen, fører et vinternivå opp til et sommernivå av D-vitamin. Dette tilsvarer fire minutter sommersol per dag til hele kroppen, eller cirka 30 minutter daglig eksponering til ansikt, hender og underarmer. Dette er mye mer enn «noen få minutter», slik det sies i norske opplysningskampanjer om «sunn soling».»
» Et sommernivå av D-vitaminer kan for de fleste oppnås ved daglig tilførsel av cirka 2000 internasjonale enheter, tilsvarende tre minutter til hele kroppen eller 20 minutter daglig midtsommers til ansikt, hender og underarmer. »
«Overvektige personer trenger mer enn dobbelt så stort inntak som normalvektige. Gravide kvinner bør få nok D-vitamin fordi mange såkalte epigenetiske faktorer påvirkes i fosterlivet. »
«For å oppnå et slikt nivå, mener mange forskere at gravide kvinner bør innta rundt 4000 IE per dag.»
«Slitasjegikt (osteoartritt) rammer de fleste eldre mennesker i større eller mindre grad. Flere artikler antyder at utviklingen av denne lidelsen kan bremses og symptomene reduseres ved høyere D-vitamininntak.»
«VDR(reseptor for d-vitamin) tilhører den såkalte «kjernehormonreseptor-superfamilie», og ble etter hvert funnet på mononukleære celler, antigenpresenterende celler og aktiverte T- og B-lymfocytter. »
«En viktig effekt synes å være at D-vitaminet forårsaker en nedregulering av Th-1drevet autoimmunitet. Videre viser det seg at patogener til og med kan øke hastigheten på kalsitriolsyntesen i monocytter. Når kalsitriol binder seg til VDR, fungerer det som en transkripsjonsfaktor for ekspresjon av catelicin, og trigger i tillegg autofagi.»
» Det er vist at D-vitamin kan stabilisere homeostasen i innvollene og påvirke bakteriefloraen.»
«Revmatoid artritt (RA) – leddgikt – er en immunrelatert sykdom der både genetikk, kjønn og miljø er av betydning. Autoimmune reaksjoner i RA-pasienter ødelegger brusk- og beinstrukturer rundt ledd. Det er vel kjent at D-vitaminets metabolitt, hormonet kalsitriol, er immunmodulerende: VDR finnes på alle viktige immunceller (T- og blymfocytter, mononuleære celler, dendrittiske celler osv). En nedregulering av Th-1-regulert autoimmunitet forårsakes av D-vitamin. »
«En studie av militærpersonnel i USA (2012) viste at personer med under 60 nM hadde 3.5 ganger høyere risiko for å utvikle diabetes 1 (insulinavhengig) enn personer med verdier over 60 nM.»
«Sykdomsaktiviteten ved ulcerøs kolitt (blødende tykktarmsbetennelse) og Chrons sykdom, begge autoimmune lidelser, synes å være størst hos pasienter med lav D-vitaminstatus.»
«Atopisk dermatitt er en mye studert immunsykdom. Risikoen for AD er større for barn født om høsten og vinteren enn for barn født om våren og sommeren, og størst for barn født av kvinner med lav D-vitaminstatus under svangerskapet .»
«Pasienter med systemisk lupus erytematosus; en autoimmun bindevevssykdom som kan ramme mange organer, har generelt en dårlig D-vitaminstatus, hvilket enten forverrer tilstanden eller er forårsaket av sykdommen.»
«Kalsitriol regulerer Toll-like reseptorer som gjenkjenner strukturer på mikroorganismer. Ny litteratur viser at det bare er influensa type A som påvirkes av D-vitamin, noe som kan forklare at enkelte kliniske intervensjonsstudier er negative.»
«Ved siden av den rent kjemisk betingede membranbindingen er det tett med D-vitaminreseptorer i sentralnervesystemet, noe som vitner om vitaminets viktige rolle. Det ble i 2012 vist at et antimyelin-assosiert glykoprotein hadde forskjellig nivå i autistiske barn og normale barn, og at dette nivået kunne påvirkes av D-vitamin.»
» Laboratoriestudier, ekologiske- og andre typer epidemiologiske studier har avdekket mer enn 15 kreftformer som solstråling og/eller D-vitamin innvirker på. »
«I forhold til den laveste kvartil (under 40-50 nM 25OHD) var risikoen for kreftdød i løpet av oppfølgingstiden (6-9 år) redusert med cirka 64 prosent i forhold til den høyeste kvartil (over ca 75 nM). Pasienter med lymfomer, bryst-, kolon- og lunge-kreft var inkludert. »
«Et annet studium av pasienter med prostatakreft viste at supplementering med 4000 internasjonale enheter; 100 mikrogram av D-vitamin per dag, viste ingen toksisitet, men en betydelig større andel av disse pasientene enn i en historisk kontrollgruppe hadde reduksjon av tumorvolumet på ett år. »
«Enn videre viser en engelsk undersøkelse at overlevelsen for dem som har fått melanomer, bedres med økende D-vitaminstatus»
I kommentarfleste nevnes dette om behandling av MS:
«D3-vitamin i meget høye doser gjør at MS og andre autoimmune sykdommer går tilbake. Mennesker over hele verden som følger behandlingsprotokollen utviklet av professor Cicero Galli Coimbra lever normale liv uten symptomer. Dosene er fra 20.000-200.000 IU hver dag og blir individuelt bestemt etter prøver som tas. Ingen blir toksiske. Man holder seg unna melk og melkeprodukter og inntar minst 2,5 liter vann pr. dag, bl.a. Se dokumentaren som er laget http://youtu.be/erAgu1XcY-U. Den er tekstet på engelsk og spansk. Det er på tide at dere oppdaterer kunnskapen om D3-vitamin og dets virkning på MS og andre autoimmune sykdommer. En av de fremste D-vitaminforskerne i verden Dr. Heaney) mener at alt under 120 nmol/L er for lavt, og at man bør ha opp til 225 nmol/L D-vitamin i serum for å forebygge. En annen (Dr. Cannell) anbefaler minst 5.000 internasjonale enheter pr. dag året rundt. Det er nedslående å lese at man fortsatt omtaler for lave nivåer her i Norge. Ikke rart at mange får bl.a. autoimmune sykdommer og brystkreft her i landet.»
Om CO2 relatert til melkesyre. Denne er ifh panikkangst, men gjelder også ifh trening og hva som helst av aktivitet eller sykdom hvor melkesyre er et element å ta hensyn til.
http://emj.bmj.com/content/28/4/269.long
«Whereas high lactates are usually associated with acidosis and an increased risk of poor outcome, in patients with psychogenic hyperventilation, high lactates are associated with hypocapnia and alkalosis.»
«However, provoked hyperventilation, a less life-threatening condition, has been shown to result in elevated lactate levels as well. Passive overbreathing under anaesthesia has been shown to induce hyperlactataemia in various studies.9 10 Furthermore, active voluntary overbreathing in individuals with panic disorders has been related to the development of a marked hyperlactataemia as well.11 12»
«As expected, median Pco2 (4.3 (2.0–5.5)) was below the lower reference value of 4.6 kPa, and median pH was slightly increased (7.47 (7.40–7.68)). Po2 and saturation were normal in all the patients without supplementary oxygen (table 1). Fourteen participants had a lactate level above the reference value of 1.5 mmol/l, of which 11 were still hyperventilating at the moment of drawing their blood, as reflected by the Pco2 values <4.6 kPa. The participants who were still actively hyperventilating had a higher median pH of 7.50 (7.42–7.68) versus 7.44 (7.40–7.49) (p<0.01) and a higher median lactate level of 1.4 (0.7–4.4) versus 0.9 (0.5–3.5) (p<0.01) compared with the participants diagnosed as having psychogenic hyperventilation who had ceased to actively hyperventilate at the moment of drawing their blood. In line with the higher pH in this group, bicarbonate and potassium concentrations were lower (table 1).»
«In univariate correlation analysis, there was a significant positive correlation of plasma lactate with both Po2 and pH, whereas significant inverse relations were found for potassium and bicarbonate (table 2). Most interestingly, a significant negative correlation was found between Pco2 and arterial lactate (r=−0.50, p<0.001; figure 2). This negative correlation was specifically present in patients with hypocapnia (ie, Pco2 <4.6 kPa): in these patients, there was a moderate significant negative correlation between Pco2 and plasma lactate levels (r=−0.53, p<0.003), whereas this correlation was not seen in normocapnic participants (r=−0.17, NS).»
«Scatter plot of the relation of Pco2 with lactate for patients diagnosed as having psychogenic hyperventilation (n=46). Depicted are the regression line in bold (r2=0.25, p<0.001), with estimated 95% CIs. The vertical dashed line denotes the lower reference value of arterial Pco2; and the horizontal line, the upper reference value of lactate.»
«In our study, we showed that lactate levels are elevated in 30% of the participants with psychogenic hyperventilation who present at the ED. Furthermore, we demonstrate that under these circumstances, Pco2 is the most important predictor of arterial lactate levels and that in this context, an elevated lactate level should not be regarded as an adverse sign.»
«The reported 0.5% incidence of hyperventilation in our study population seems to be low compared with that in previous studies, reporting incidences of 6%–11%.14» «We suppose that the relatively low incidence in our study population could be related to a substantial amount of patients with psychogenic hyperventilation who are not referred to the hospital at all by their general practitioner.»
«Our present study is the first to describe the presence of hyperventilation-related hyperlactataemia in an otherwise healthy patient population presenting in the ED in an observational setting.»
«Pco2 being the strongest lactate predictor of the two, as changes in pH during hyperventilation are modulated by changes in breathing rate (and thus Pco2). Our findings are in line with those of previous studies, which showed that intracellular hypocapnia and alkalosis contribute directly to both an increased lactate production and a reduced lactate clearance.18–21»
«However, it should be noted that in patients with critical illnesses, lactate is a risk marker not a risk mediator22: several studies have shown that the administration of exogenous lactate is safe or even beneficial.23 Lactate can be reused directly as a substrate to generate adenosine triphosphate by many organs, including the heart, the brain and the kidneys.24 25»
TABLE 1
| Total | Pco2≥4.6 | Pco2<4.6 | |
| n | 46 | 17 | 29 |
| Sex (% male) | 46 | 41 | 48 |
| Age (years) | 30 (18–77) | 26 (18–66) | 35 (18–77) |
| Respiratory rate at triage | 25 (20–35) | 24 (20–30) | 25 (20–35) |
| Pco2 (kPa) | 4.3 (2.0–5.5) | 4.9 (4.7–5.5) | 3.9 (92.0–4.5)† |
| Lactate level (mmol/l) | 1.2 (0.5–4.4) | 0.9 (0.5–3.5) | 1.4 (0.7–4.4)* |
| Lactate level >1.5 mmol/l (n) | 14 | 3 | 11† |
| Base excess | 1.4 (−3.2–4.8) | 2.1 (−2.7–4.3) | 0.6 (−3.2–4.8)* |
| Potassium (mmol/l) | 3.5 (2.8–4.2) | 3.8 (3.3–4.0) | 3.4 (2.8–4.2)* |
| HCO3− (mmol/l) | 23 (17–27) | 26 (21–27) | 22 (17–25)† |
| pH | 7.47 (7.40–7.68) | 7.44 (7.40–7.49) | 7.50 (7.42–7.68)† |
| Po2 (kPa) | 13.3 (9.3–17.9) | 12.9 (10.3–15.6) | 13.8 (9.3–17.9)* |
| Saturation (%) | 98 (97–99) | 98 (97–99) | 98 (97–99) |
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the 46 patients as indicated in figure 1 and after stratification for the presence of hypocapnia (Pco2 <4.6). The data are presented as median (range). Statistical comparisons between the normocapnic and hypocapnic subgroups were made by the χ2 test for dichotomous variables and for continuous variables by Mann–Whitney U test.
↵* p<0.05 compared with normocapnic participants.
↵† p<0.001 compared with normocapnic participants.
Nevner hvordan hyperventilering fjerner CO2 og gjør at blodkar trekker seg sammen. Nevner spesielt basilary artery inni hjernen.
http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/data/journals/ajp/3682/1603.pdf
«Gibbs (2) reported that nine panic disorder patients in a neurology clinic experienced a significantly greater decrease in basilar artery blood flow during voluntary hyperventilation (mean decrease, 62%) than did nine normal comparison subjects (mean decrease, 36%). However, no respiratory measures were assessed dur- ing hyperventilation, and this omission is important, since changes in carbon dioxide levels are critical in regulating cerebral arterial flow (3).»
«For mean blood flow, the panic patients had a 55% reduction (mean change=–21.1 cm/sec, SD=7.1), which was sig- nificantly greater than the 42% reduction for the com- parison group (mean change=–15.8 cm/sec, SD=5.4)»
«The increases in the dizziness ratings were associated with the percent- ages of the decreases in both peak flow (r=–0.60, N=24, p<0.01) and mean flow (r=–0.57, N=24, p<0.01).»
«The pCO2 level of the panic disorder patients decreased 33% during hyperventilation (pCO2 level dur- ing hyperventilation: mean=24.80 mm Hg, SD=7.29), which did not differ significantly from the 37% decrease for the comparison subjects (pCO2 during hyperventila- tion: mean=24.55 mm Hg, SD=3.09) (t=–0.14, df=7, n.s.).»
«The ratio of blood flow changes to pCO2 changes is approximately 1.0 in normative studies (4), which is consistent with the values for our comparison group. The patients with panic disorder had a ratio of blood flow change to pCO2 change that was almost twice that of the normal subjects. This suggests that the sensitivity of the basilar artery in patients with anxiety disorders may not be due solely to changes in respiratory physiology.»
Verkstedet Bodywork & Breathing System 